Here comes the pain again - that familiar throbbing in your temple, or at the base f your skull. Quickly, you pop a couple of over-the-counter pain pills, hope for the best and go about your day. After all, it’s just a headache, right? Not necessarily. It could be a migraine, a potentially serious condition that affects well over 100 million people worldwide. But I don’t get migraines, you think. Don’t be sure : Nore than half of all migraine sufferers have never been diagnosed by a doctor or were diagnosed incorrectly. Almost everyone gets headaches, and they can start young. In fact, one study found that among people 12 to 29 years old, 91% of men and 98% of women had experienced one or more headaches. The pain drives 50 million people to doctors each year and is one of the top 10 reasons men and women seek medical care. Anything from the foods you eat to simple change in your routine can set off an attack.
Experts have identified many triggers that may activate attacks. Tracking your migraines in writing is essential, so that you can predict and even prevent attacks. Whenever one strikes, note the date, time it starts and ends, intensity, symptoms, plus foods you’ve eaten and anything else you suspect may have triggered it. Women should also note where they are in their monthly cycles. List any medications you take or other strategies you try, and the results. A detailed diary will help your doctor decide if you’re a good candidate for preventive therapies. Here are some of the migraine triggers identified by the experts :
Hormones :
For many women, falling oestrogen levels play the biggest role, so a migraine is more likely to strike around the start of a period. Interestingly, migraines often disappear during pregnancy, and reduce in frequency after menopause.
Food :
Chocolate and aged cheeses such as cheddar, brie and camembert are among the best-known dietary triggers, but some people find a variety of other foods, including processed meats, seeds and foods with MSG can cause problems.
Alcohol :
Alcohol dilates blood vessels, and may contribute to migraine on that basis. The culprit could also be the congeners (impurities from fermentation) found in red wine and bourbon, long known to cause headaches.
Caffeine :
Caffeine is both a treatment and a trigger. Many migraine treatments, such as Excedrin, contain caffeine, which constricts painful blood vessels. But caffeine withdrawal and overuse can also cause pain.
Environment :
Humidity, extreme heat or cold, and changes in weather, temperature or barometric pressure can all be triggers, along with bright or flashing lights, perfumes or chemical odours, pollution and changes in altitude.
Tension :
You may have an episode during or after a stressful situation. Stress=reducing techniques, such as biofeedback or relaxation therapy, are very useful for prevention. A late night or any change in your sleep patterns also could provoke an attack, as can skipping meals or fasting.
Extract Article (Abridge) : of the same title by Sharlene K Johnson, Reader’s Digest January 2006.
Tuesday, October 21, 2008
A Bachelor’s Life is Not a Happy One
At the luncheon following the Annual General Meeting in the Chamber’s 160th Anniversary year in 1987, the then President, Jan Elzinga of the Algemene Bank Nederland N.V. (which also celebrated its 100th Anniversary in the country that year), stated amongst other things “the spirit of joint venture shines as strongly in the corporate sector in Malaysia as anywhere else in the world”. So, what then is this “joint venture”? If you consult your Concise Oxford Dictionary, you will learn that a “venture” is a “risky undertakings” or “commercial speculation”, and that a “joint” is “an illicit opium den or drinking institution”, or a “marijuana cigarette”. MICCI members will no doubt be quick to deny that they are speculatively involved in such areas of activity.
In simple terms, a Malaysian joint venture normally indicates a situation where a foreign corporate organization and a Malaysian corporate organization get together to form a limited company to carry out some legitimate commercial activity in the country. Clearly, there are many pitfalls in the area of joint venturing. Certainly, some would say “if a project is worthwhile, do it on your own”. To others, the whole concept of joint consultation, let alone “joint venturing” is anathema. A well known Chairman of an international group once said, “A Board of Directors should always comprise an odd number of people, and preferably less than three.” Many liken a joint venture to a marriage. In a successful joint venture, the parties must co-exist harmoniously and productively for the long term. Merchant bankers specializing in joint ventures when describing the status of their clients frequently resort to such expression as “getting into bed” and “tying the nuptial knot”, and occasionally to less tasteful allegories; and certainly like marriages joint ventures have their problems and their pleasures. It would be probably be true to say that the vast majority of foreign organizations that have invested in Malaysia prefer to do so on a joint venture basis, and probably only those manufacturers who export 100% of their product, and those perhaps whose technology is exceptionally sensitive, prefer not to have a Malaysian partner.
Idid Wanchik, the Company Secretary of Nestle (Malaysia) Bhd has a lot to say on the subject. “There should not be any compromise on business professionalism. Nestle believes that there should be no problems between partners provided the business is run professionally and profitably. In our experience, we have found that the managerial and technical expertise provided by the foreign party has been effectively absorbed by the local management.” J & P Coats (Mfg) Sdn Bhd is part of Coats Viyella plc, the world’s largest marketer of sewing threads and handknitting yarns. The organization has joint ventures in many countries, and their Managing Director, Ken Anderson, stresses two ways the local organizations benefit from the joint venture concept, namely “the technical input from the overseas partner and the development of local management.”
The Managing Director of Leo Burnett Sdn Bhd, Peter Beaumont, is categoric in his praise for the joint venture concept. His joint venture organization has been particularly successful, one of the reasons being the good offices and important contacts of his Malaysian partners which right from the start have been invaluable to the business. Peter Beaumont likes the joint venture concept “as it brings together local expertise and contacts and the advanced technical knowledge of the foreign partners. Such accommodation is beneficial to the Malaysian economy, and of course in addition creates new jobs for Malaysians.” Tony Strange, the General Manager of Commercial Union Assurance (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd is another supporter of the joint venture concept. “As a foreign organization, we thus become more clearly identified with Malaysia, and our joint venture underlines our confidence in the long term future of the country.”
What then is the secret of a successful joint venture? Again, it seems that the rules for a successful marriage are relevant. A number of MICCI members have said that the most likely reason for a failed joint venture is the “hasty selection of a partner”, or “failure to check that the financial strength of the local partner is consonant with that of the foreign investor” (Beauty is skin deep, and the dowry is not unimportant). However, the vast majority of Malaysian joint venture are enjoying “long and happy marriages”; divorces have been few, and the indication is clear that Malaysian make good commercial marriage partners. There are a number of “unmarried foreign commercial organizations operating in Malaysia, no doubt they will soon take heed of the Malay proverb “Hidup Berumahtangga adalah lebih baik daripada membujang” – which can be easily be translated as “A bachelor’s life is not a happy one.”
Extract Article : 26 Ways Understanding Malaysia’s Business Environment published by the Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry, October 1991.
Footnote : The Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry or the MICCI as it is widely known, is the oldest private organization in Malaysia, tracing back its history to the formation of its earliest ancestor, the Penang Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture in 1873. The MICCI endeavours to serve, especially, the businesses which have international interests, whether they have local or foreign origins. Practically every type of business is represented among its membership, ranging from manufacturing, trading and finance and banking to petroleum and real estate services.
In simple terms, a Malaysian joint venture normally indicates a situation where a foreign corporate organization and a Malaysian corporate organization get together to form a limited company to carry out some legitimate commercial activity in the country. Clearly, there are many pitfalls in the area of joint venturing. Certainly, some would say “if a project is worthwhile, do it on your own”. To others, the whole concept of joint consultation, let alone “joint venturing” is anathema. A well known Chairman of an international group once said, “A Board of Directors should always comprise an odd number of people, and preferably less than three.” Many liken a joint venture to a marriage. In a successful joint venture, the parties must co-exist harmoniously and productively for the long term. Merchant bankers specializing in joint ventures when describing the status of their clients frequently resort to such expression as “getting into bed” and “tying the nuptial knot”, and occasionally to less tasteful allegories; and certainly like marriages joint ventures have their problems and their pleasures. It would be probably be true to say that the vast majority of foreign organizations that have invested in Malaysia prefer to do so on a joint venture basis, and probably only those manufacturers who export 100% of their product, and those perhaps whose technology is exceptionally sensitive, prefer not to have a Malaysian partner.
Idid Wanchik, the Company Secretary of Nestle (Malaysia) Bhd has a lot to say on the subject. “There should not be any compromise on business professionalism. Nestle believes that there should be no problems between partners provided the business is run professionally and profitably. In our experience, we have found that the managerial and technical expertise provided by the foreign party has been effectively absorbed by the local management.” J & P Coats (Mfg) Sdn Bhd is part of Coats Viyella plc, the world’s largest marketer of sewing threads and handknitting yarns. The organization has joint ventures in many countries, and their Managing Director, Ken Anderson, stresses two ways the local organizations benefit from the joint venture concept, namely “the technical input from the overseas partner and the development of local management.”
The Managing Director of Leo Burnett Sdn Bhd, Peter Beaumont, is categoric in his praise for the joint venture concept. His joint venture organization has been particularly successful, one of the reasons being the good offices and important contacts of his Malaysian partners which right from the start have been invaluable to the business. Peter Beaumont likes the joint venture concept “as it brings together local expertise and contacts and the advanced technical knowledge of the foreign partners. Such accommodation is beneficial to the Malaysian economy, and of course in addition creates new jobs for Malaysians.” Tony Strange, the General Manager of Commercial Union Assurance (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd is another supporter of the joint venture concept. “As a foreign organization, we thus become more clearly identified with Malaysia, and our joint venture underlines our confidence in the long term future of the country.”
What then is the secret of a successful joint venture? Again, it seems that the rules for a successful marriage are relevant. A number of MICCI members have said that the most likely reason for a failed joint venture is the “hasty selection of a partner”, or “failure to check that the financial strength of the local partner is consonant with that of the foreign investor” (Beauty is skin deep, and the dowry is not unimportant). However, the vast majority of Malaysian joint venture are enjoying “long and happy marriages”; divorces have been few, and the indication is clear that Malaysian make good commercial marriage partners. There are a number of “unmarried foreign commercial organizations operating in Malaysia, no doubt they will soon take heed of the Malay proverb “Hidup Berumahtangga adalah lebih baik daripada membujang” – which can be easily be translated as “A bachelor’s life is not a happy one.”
Extract Article : 26 Ways Understanding Malaysia’s Business Environment published by the Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry, October 1991.
Footnote : The Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry or the MICCI as it is widely known, is the oldest private organization in Malaysia, tracing back its history to the formation of its earliest ancestor, the Penang Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture in 1873. The MICCI endeavours to serve, especially, the businesses which have international interests, whether they have local or foreign origins. Practically every type of business is represented among its membership, ranging from manufacturing, trading and finance and banking to petroleum and real estate services.
NDIAN “PENDATANG”, CHINESE “PENDATANG”, MALAYS ?????
Ahmad Ismail’s, an UMNO stalwart from Penang, “outburst” during the recent Permatang Pauh election caught many, especially the Chinese community, by surprise. He was said to touch on the sensitivities of the Chinese and Indian communities by simply saying that the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia today are “pendatang”. (Whatever his political connotation is, we leave it as it is as this article has no political motives whatsoever). His remark has prompted Najib Tun Razak to formally apologise to the Chinese and Indian communities and urged Ahmad Ismail to do the same. MCA president, Ong Ka Ting, applauded Najib’s “political” gesture and thanked him for the apology.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
NDIAN “PENDATANG”, CHINESE “PENDATANG”, MALAYS ?????
Ahmad Ismail’s, an UMNO stalwart from Penang, “outburst” during the recent Permatang Pauh election caught many, especially the Chinese community, by surprise. He was said to touch on the sensitivities of the Chinese and Indian communities by simply saying that the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia today are “pendatang”. (Whatever his political connotation is, we leave it as it is as this article has no political motives whatsoever). His remark has prompted Najib Tun Razak to formally apologise to the Chinese and Indian communities and urged Ahmad Ismail to do the same. MCA president, Ong Ka Ting, applauded Najib’s “political” gesture and thanked him for the apology.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
NDIAN “PENDATANG”, CHINESE “PENDATANG”, MALAYS ?????
Ahmad Ismail’s, an UMNO stalwart from Penang, “outburst” during the recent Permatang Pauh election caught many, especially the Chinese community, by surprise. He was said to touch on the sensitivities of the Chinese and Indian communities by simply saying that the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia today are “pendatang”. (Whatever his political connotation is, we leave it as it is as this article has no political motives whatsoever). His remark has prompted Najib Tun Razak to formally apologise to the Chinese and Indian communities and urged Ahmad Ismail to do the same. MCA president, Ong Ka Ting, applauded Najib’s “political” gesture and thanked him for the apology.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
NDIAN “PENDATANG”, CHINESE “PENDATANG”, MALAYS ?????
Ahmad Ismail’s, an UMNO stalwart from Penang, “outburst” during the recent Permatang Pauh election caught many, especially the Chinese community, by surprise. He was said to touch on the sensitivities of the Chinese and Indian communities by simply saying that the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia today are “pendatang”. (Whatever his political connotation is, we leave it as it is as this article has no political motives whatsoever). His remark has prompted Najib Tun Razak to formally apologise to the Chinese and Indian communities and urged Ahmad Ismail to do the same. MCA president, Ong Ka Ting, applauded Najib’s “political” gesture and thanked him for the apology.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
Let us read history in its proper context.
Due to its geographical nature, The Malay Archipelago comprises of various big and small islands, isles and islets ranging westward from Madagascar Island, East of Africa to the Polynesian isles in the Pasific and include Taiwan, Hainan Island and parts of Vietnam and Cambodia in the north and even New Zealand in the south.
The historically well-known Parameswara who fled to Kota Singa (now Singapore) and then established the Sultanate of Malacca, was a descendant of the Palembang sultanate and this made the hosts of Malacca sultans after him were his descendants. Parameswara leaved with him hosts of other descendants whom later established a number of sultanates in Peninsula Malaysia. The Perak Sultanate was established by DYMM Sultan Muzaffar Syah, the eldest prince of Sultan Mahmud Syah, the last sultan of Malacca.
The Johor Sultanate was developed when Sultan Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca in exile and the first Sultan of Johor-Riau-Lingga) fled to Bentan and later to Kampar, Sumatra during the Portuguese bombardment of Malacca. When he died, his son Sultan Allauddin Riayat Shah was proclaimed the second Sultan of Johor. (The current Johor Sultanate is not descendants from the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate).
It was also historically mentioned that Parameswara’s earlier descendents goes back to Sang Nila Utama and Wan Empuk/Ratu Chendera Puri (the fist Malay-Singapura Sultanate rulers circa 1160-1208) to Raja Suran of a Ceylonese Dynasty to Raja Iskandar Zulkarnain (Alexander the Great) of the Greek Macedonia.
Origins of the Kedah Sultanate is full of legends and myths and mainly from verbal sources. It was said that the Kedah Sultanate had very close relationship with Raja of Rum (Turkish), Raja of Parsi (Persia/Iran), the Moghul Sultanate in India and the Maurya Dynasty also of India and the Siamese dynasties. Phra Ong Mahawangsa, a Hindu-Bhuddist seventh ruler of Old Kedah later converted into Islam and adopted the title Seri Paduka Maharaja Derba Raja and was later known as Sultan Muzaffar Shah. In the context of the Malay Sultanates, he was recognized as the first Kedah Malay Sultan to rule under the Islamic government banner. This was said to happened during the late 11th or early 12th century.
According to historical sources from China, Kelantan was once ruled by one Maharaja Ku-ma-r during the 15th century. It’s not known the origin of Raja Ku-ma-r. According to Siamese historical sources, Kelantan was ruled by Raja Seri Dewa circa 1493. His origin was not established. Local sources indicated that when Kelantan was attacked by Malacca, Sultan Mansur Shah, the then sultan of Kelantan, retreated to Pattani.
The Syed Jamalullail family of Perlis was said to originate from Palembang. Syed Harun Jamalullail was appointed the Penghulu of Mukim Arau by the then Sultan of Kedah and later his son, Syed Harun was proclaimed Raja of Perlis.
Raja Lumu was the first ruler to use the title Tuanku Sultan of Selangor in 1766. Raja Lumu, the son of Daeng Celak the Yamtuan Muda of Johor, and his brother are decendants of Opu Trendiburang Daeng Rilaka, Raja of the Land of the Bugis, came all the way from Land of the Bugis, Celebes Island to Tanah Melayu.
It is a well known fact that the Negeri Sembilan royal families are descendants of Minangkabau sultanate in Pagaruyung, Sumatera and so do all of the Minangkabaus in Malaysia.
The earliest known Chinese settlers in Tanah Melayu was those Chinese whom accompanied Princess Hang Li Po to Malacca. The Babas and Nyonyas are all said to be descendants of Hang Li Po and her followers.
The earliest known Indian settlement in Tanah Melayu was also during the Malacca Sultanante. Indian tradesmen, mainly of the Ceti origin, came to Malacca and started the Ceti Peranakan through marriage with locals and made their headway into the royal court of the Sultanate; one such example was the aristocrat Seri Nara Diraja who held a dignified position in the royal court of the Malacca sultanate.
Let us now examine some of the contemporary Malay sub-ethnic groupings :
The Malay communities in Malaysia today are formed from the various sub-ethnic groups from every corners of the Malay Archipelago that had migrated to Tanah Melayu since hundreds of years ago; this include the Achehs (North Sumatera), Minangkabaus (Western Sumatera), Mandailings (North Sumatera), Bengkulus (Bengkulu Island off Sumatera), Rawas (Rawa Island), Palembang (South Sumatera), Lampungs (Jawa Island), Jawa (Java Island), Sunda (Sunda Island/Straits), Bugis (South Sulawesi, Celebes Island), Banjars (South Kalimantan), Sulus (Isle of Sulu), Minahasas/Menados (Manado, North Sulawesi), Pattani (Southern Thailand), Cham (Kingdom of Champa, Central Vietnam/East of Cambodia), There are also a small number of Flores (Isle of Flores), Lomboks (Isle of Lombok), Sumbas (Isle of Sumba), and Malukus (Isle of Molucas).
Jawa : a well-known Malay ethnic from Java Island.
Bugis : originated from Land of the Bugis, South Sulawesi, Celebes Island. The Bugis are mainly traders; they traveled all over the Malay Archipelago to trade. Bugis settlement can be found largely in Selangor and Johore.
Bawean (pronounce Boyan) : came from Bawean Isle and can be found all over West Malaysia, especially city centres such as Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bharu, Malacca and Seremban including Singapore. It is not known when Baweanese first came to Tanah Melayu but a population census in 1849 indicated substantial settlements of Baweanese existed in Singapore and the Straits Settlement.
Jawi Peranakan : Malay ethnic of Indian origin; mainly male traders migrated from South India to Penang Island and married local Malay women. Their offsprings are known as Jawi Peranakan. The “Maricans” are one example of Jawi Peranakan; for instance Tan Sri Hassan Marican, President & CEO of Petronas.
Mandailing : sub-ethnic of the Batak clan evolved in Northern Sumatra. Migrated to Tanah Melayu circa 1820’s to study Islamic religion. Can be found in Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Penang. Those Malay names ending with Nasution, Lubis, and Siregar are of Mandailing origin.
Patani : located in Southern Thailand was once ruled by the Malay Patani Sultanate consisting of Patani Dynasty and Kelantan Dynasty during the mid 15th century. Both these dynasties among them had at least 16 known sultans and sultanahs ruled Patani between the 15th century right up to the 19th century when the Siamese rulers “took over” the sovereignty and administration of the Patani sultanate. The Patani settlement’s main concentration is in Kelantan and small numbers can also be found in North Perak, Perlis and Kedah. The “latest wave” of Patani “migration” into Peninsula Malaysia occurred most recently thr000ough the opening up of “tom yam” eateries all over the country.
Banjar : originated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The Banjars first known wave of migration to other parts of the Malay Archipelago including Tanah Melayu was during the 1850’s when conflicts between ruling dynasties and the Dutch came to its apex. Their settlement can be found all over Malaysian largely in Perak and Sabah.
Other Malay sub-ethnic groups known are Orang Kampar (from orginating from Kampar, Western Sulatera) and Orang Rawa (originating from Pulau Rawa off Sumatera). Both are closely related to Minangkabaus and their spoken dialects are similar to that of the Minangkabaus.
It is interesting to note that one Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar Dato’ Hussein Mohamed Taib, who was a chief administrator in the Pahang Civil Service as well as a court officer in the Pahang Sultanate is a descendant of the Bugis-Johor aristocrat family that migrated to Pahang in the 18th century. His son, Abdul Razak Hussein was the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia and his grandson, Najib Tun Razak is the current Deputy Premier.
All in all, the issue here is that the Chinese are definitely “pendatang”, the Indians are also definitely “pendatang” as well as most Malays in Malaysia are also definitely “pendatang” within the historical context. What is there for us to shout about. Najib in the first place should not offer any apology as he is also a descendant of “pendatang” and Ahmad Ismail has reaffirmed his stance that what transpired in Permatang Pauh was based on historical facts. It is a historical fact that we are all indeed “pendatang” to this holy and sacred land.
What’s more important for us all “pendatang” is to forge close cooperation in the spirit of merdeka and look ahead to better ourselves and together develop this nation despite our differences in our very own “pendatang” characteristics.
Sources : Ensaiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP.
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